Research Log Book Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Log Book - Research Paper Example It is also important to note that every new inventor of phonographs had their own distinguished motives attached to their inventions (Sterne, 2003). Where Berliner wanted to investigate aesthetic possibilities, Edison wanted to use it for educational and social purposes. So, the sound reproduction machines actually transformed into hearing machines that cultural and social values attached to them. From their onwards, there has been a continuous advancement in the given field. The first intended purpose of phonautographs was to produce sound on the paper i.e. create documents of sound’s frequency that can be read by humans instead of machines (Feaster, 2010). Later on, the same principle was used to recreate sounds. Personal analysis of this phenomenon of sound recreation helped in understanding that sound reproduction actually undermines the social process of sound creation. We are surrounded by machines in the form of amplifiers, roofer, hi-fi sonic systems, musical recording s that just reproduce the sounds burnt into optical discs. However, this burning of sound into disc not only put an end to a learning process that was a by-product of sound production on a paper but also fails to illustrate the actual experience of first production of sound. In addition to that, the essence of original sound is already lost too. The sound of music and speech that we hear every day in the compact storage devices is already tempered and edited. Therefore, the user of sound does not have access to the real sound. The only replication of real sound that is available these days is in the form of real-time radio. Although radio itself as a medium does not follow the principles of phonautographs however electronic devices used to play these radio channels do follow simple rules of sound reproduction. Hence, phonautographs do exist in 21st century as well but real sound is not in the reach of many of us. Second Entry: The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Argument prese nted by Elizabeth Eisenstein illustrated the revolution in printing after the advent of typography. Although her selected time period and regional studies are rather limited and her analysis cannot be applied on general European and Asian literature however it does illustrate the transformation that medieval literature went through after revolution in printing press. More than Eisenstein, McLuhan appears to be a strong advocate of use of technology in preservation and dissemination of literature (Leed, 1982). McLuhan recognizes the importance of technological advancements for literature and believes in modification of typographic culture under the influence of electronic media. Where print helped in brining oral speech to a visual space, use of electronic medium is allowing this visual space to be at readily available for human use irrespective of time and space (Eisenstein, 1979). I personally use kindle for reading books which would have been impossible to carry with me otherwise. Eisenstein believes that most of the literature uses stereotypes and cliches for reproduction of literature and continuous reproduction can have an effect of reinforcement on those who have access to this frequently referenced literature (Odin, 1997). Hence, it can be said that emergence of printing press paved ways for more technological adv

Seven Ways To Socialize With Your Employees (And Not Get In Trouble) Research Paper

Seven Ways To Socialize With Your Employees (And Not Get In Trouble) - Research Paper Example In an administrative setting, socialization is a method and a new employee understands how to pull the strings, by flattering responsive attitude towards the prescribed and casual arrangement and the explicit manner to understand the regulations of deeds (Socialization). Different organizational settings require different setups and behavior and the employees have to abide by the set regulations. Employees have to meet each other to share their views and thoughts and to formulate a strategy to march ahead. These socialization process are imperative in developing an understanding towards each other and also to build a repo and social circle as it aids in better working atmosphere. Mingling with people, sharing ideas and thoughts are the essential components of a developing personality. In certain organizations the employer does not seem to socialize with the employees, rather the employer finds it degrading to mingle with the employees. On the contrary, it is essential to socialize with the employees and to motivate them to work with more co-ordination. In order to get more from your employees it is essential to socialize with them for varied reasons ... It is essential that the employer make the team members or the employees special about themselves. It is essential to motivate the team as salary and wages only could not do wonders but giving something in terms of motivation will add a fire to the sense of loyalty and also the feeling of belongingness (Six Keys to Motivating Your Team). 3. A few gestures and words of appreciation work better for the efficient and close-knit team- Saying "Thank you" and also acknowledging their efforts brings a remarkable difference. It works well under the conditions of economic constraints and when the market is not making much rise. It is essential to understand the psychology behind the motivation of the employees as different employees need different factors for motivation. For the employer it is essential to socialize with the employees in order to know the team and thereby to create an environment where the employees can remain positive and happy and try their best to harness the results the e mployer is searching for (Six Keys to Motivating Your Team). 4. Understanding the employees sooner the better- If the employees are devoting extra time, without much benefit and monetary gains, hardworking employees become discouraged and they tend to remain unmotivated to fulfill the task in the desired manner therefore it is essential to keep appreciating the staff from time to time. It is essential that appreciation should be done in the time frame as after a long interval if the employer appreciates the charm of getting appreciation is lost and the entire duration goes in waiting to listen to the words of admiration from the employers. It is therefore desired that the employers must socialize well with the employees and in admire them for all their efforts in a

Qualitative Cation Tests Essay Example for Free

Qualitative Cation Tests Essay Lab Report Assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor. Observations Questions A. Write net ionic equations for all reactions that produce a precipitate. Ag+(aq.) + Cl-(aq.) -ïÆ'   AgCl (s) 2 Ag+(aq.)+ 2OH- ïÆ'   Ag2O (s) + H2O(l) 2 Ag+(aq.)+2NH3+ H2O(l) ïÆ'   Ag2O (s)+ 2NH4+ (aq.) Pb2+(aq.)+2Cl- (aq.) -ïÆ'   PbCl2(s) Pb2+(aq.)+2OH-(aq.) -ïÆ'  Pb(OH)2 (s) Pb2+(aq.)+ 2NH3(aq.)+ H2O(l) ïÆ'   Pb(OH)2 (s)+ 2NH4+ (aq.) Cu2+(aq.) +2OH-(aq.) -ïÆ'   Cu(OH)2 (s) 2Cu2+(aq.)+SO42- (aq.) +2NH3(aq.)+2 H2O(l) ïÆ'   Cu(OH)2.CuSO4(s) +2NH4+ (aq.) Zn2+ (aq.)+ 2OH- (aq.) -ïÆ'   Zn(OH)2 (s) Zn2+ (aq.)+2NH3(aq.)+ H2O(l) ïÆ'   Ag2O (s)+ 2NH4+ (aq.) Fe3+ (aq.)+ 3OH- (aq.) -ïÆ'   Fe(OH)3(s) Fe3+ (aq.)+ 3NH3(aq.)+ 3H2O(l) ïÆ'   Fe(OH)3(s)+ 3NH4+ (aq.) Pb2+(aq.)+ CrO42-(aq.) PbCrO4(s) 2Cu2+(aq.)+[Fe(CN)6]4- (aq.) ïÆ'  Cu2[Fe(CN)6] (s) Zn2+(aq.) + S2-(aq) ïÆ'   ZnS(s) 4Fe3+ (aq.)+3[Fe(CN)6]4- (aq.) -ïÆ'  Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 (s) Ca2+(aq) + ( COO)22-(aq) ïÆ'   Ca(COO)2 (s) B. Identify the cations that precipitate with hydrochloric acid and dissolve in the presence of ammonia. Ag+ C. Identify the cations that precipitate with hydrochloric acid and do not redissolve in the presence of ammonia. Pb2+ D. Identify the cations that precipitate upon addition of two or three drops of sodium hydroxide but redissolve upon addition of excess sodium hydroxide. Pb2+,Zn2+ E. Identify the cations that precipitate upon addition of two or three drops of sodium hydroxide and are not affected by additional sodium hydroxide. Ag+,Cu2+,Fe3+ F.Identify the cations that precipitate upon addition of two or three drops of aqueous ammonia but redissolve upon addition of excess aqueous ammonia. Ag+,Cu2+,Zn2+ G. Identify the cations that precipitate upon addition of two or three drops of aqueous ammonia and are not affected additional aqueous ammonia. Pb2+,Fe3+ H. What simple test would distinguish Ag+ and Cu2+ ? Upon addition of two or three drops of aqueous ammonia, Ag+ produces brown ppt, which is soluble in the excess reagent, resulting in clear, colorless solution. Upon addition of two or three drops of aqueous ammonia, Cu2+ produces blue ppt, which is soluble in the excess reagent but produces dark blue solution.

Forensic Anthropology Study of Bones

Forensic Anthropology Study of Bones Introduction Anthropology is the study of humankind, culturally and physically, in all times and places. Forensic Anthropology is the application of anthropological knowledge and techniques in a legal context (Hunter, 1996b). This involves detailed knowledge of osteology, anatomy, and to a lesser degree pathology, to aid in the identification and cause of death of skeletal and severely decomposed human remains. The application of forensic anthropology is specifically useful when human remains are extremely difficult for the medico-legal team to identify, and these remains are often a result of decomposition, dismemberment, severe burning and charring, and submersion in water for prolonged periods (Haglund and Sorg, 1996 and 2001). It is a fallacy to believe that forensic anthropology applies solely to skeletal remains. In many instances, particularly in the United Kingdom, a forensic anthropologist is required to analyse remains with partial soft tissue. The geographical magnitude of the United States usually dictates that the American forensic anthropologist will encounter more skeletonised remains than those still possessing soft tissue (Uberlaker and Scammell, 2000), however, the opportunities for cadavers to decompose to a fully skeletonised state are severely reduced in the UK. Similarly, there are specific instances where remains can be uncovered in varying states of entirety, including mass disasters, such as train and aircraft accidents, and instances involving human rights infringements (Cox, 2003). However, in the United Kingdom, forensic anthropology is yet to be nationally accepted or acknowledged as a credible and valuable addition to the forensic science armoury, and until recently, the number of cases involving forensic anthropologists has been limited. Although the trained and accredited forensic anthropologist has the capability to undertake a wide range of analyses, and has the potential to add greatly to the field of forensic science, this essay will briefly outline the predominant methodologies employed by the forensic anthropologist in the identification of human remains. Age and sex estimation The uses of forensic anthropology in cases where human remains are not easily identifiable centre around five basic questions which the discipline is uniquely empowered to answer: Whether the remains are human; the number of individuals represented; the interval of times since death; the identification of the individual; and the cause and manner of death (Menez, 2005). Part of that identification is the determination of the age at death and sex of the individual. The topic is immense, however, superficially the process of age determination involves three foci of analysis: tooth eruption and erosion; epiphyseal closure; and the length of the long bones (Hunter et al., 2001; Byers, 2004). Similarly, determination of sex is possible via the analysis of the pelvis, the cranial and mandible characteristics, and the diameter of the femoral and humeral head. As a general rule of thumb, males usually present a more prominent brow ridge, nuchal crest, glabella and gonal angle. Women have a wi der pelvis, a wider sciatic and less pronounced cranial characteristics. Stature and race evaluation Forensic anthropologists can use formulae to determine height based on the length of long bones. The longest bone, the femur, is most applicable for analysis, however estimations are also possible from the metacarpals in the hand. Anthropologists are able to establish the individualà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s weight by the wear on the bones at certain characteristic points. They can also verify an individualà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s general physique from the ridges created via muscle attachments. From muscle attachment characteristics, it is possible to determine whether the individual was right- or left-handed as there will usually be more muscle attachment evidence exhibited on the bones on the dominant side. An intact corpse can be measured, but a disarticulated or incomplete skeleton has to be pieced together. One generic rule of thumb is that height is about five times the length of the humerus, however there are formulas for height based on other major bones a s well, including the spine, tibia, and femur (Black, 2003). Through the application of forensic anthropology it is possible to identify the racial group to which an individual belongs by examining the anthropometric landmarks of the cranial vault. One of three races can be determined from variations in the facial structure, especially the nose and eye sockets. Facial or head hair, when presented on the human remains, can also help determine race. Evaluation of pathologies It is possible via forensic anthropology to determine if a victim was ever injured or experienced trauma. Predominantly, this involves trauma exhibited on the hard tissue, however, in cases of partial decomposition, soft tissue trauma may also be evaluated and established (Pickering and Bachman, 1996). In the case of a suspected victim, detected bone trauma can be compared with an individualà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s medical X-rays to confirm identity, and the same identification methodology may be applied with regard to dentition and odontological evidence. It is often also possible to determine the cause of death in a victim, particularly in cases of extreme violence. This is determined by analysing indications of trauma, including stab marks, depressions and blunt weapon trauma usually to the skull, fracture patterns, saw marks in cases of dismemberment, and bullets or pellets in or near the body. If the person was strangled, for example, frequently the hyoid bone in the throat is fractured (Nafte, 2000; Rutty, 2001). It is also possible, through toxicology, for the forensic anthropologist to analysis evidence of poison recovered from hard tissue samples. Determination of cause of death can be of particular relevant in cases of human rights abuse. This is an area which appears to be prevalent globally, and forensic anthropologists are currently in operation in Argentina, the Eastern Block, Iraq and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. These analyses are proving highly successful and are assisting in the case-building and prosecution of former dictators and rebel forces alike (Cox, 2003). Post-mortem interval The determination of post-mortem interval (PMI), although relying heavily on the entomological community, the techniques for PMI estimation were developed by prominent forensic anthropologist, William M. Bass (Gilbert and Bass, 1967). Forensic anthropologists are able to approximate the date of death and, the amount of soft tissue that is still present is often the key to determining PMI, although weathering cracks on bones during excessively cold weather or animal and rodent bites may also be used. Generally, females lose one pound of tissue per day during average decomposition; males, in comparison, lose three pounds per day. Acidic soil has a tendency to accelerate decomposition, however, alkaline soil retards it, and the pedology around the body is frequently analysed by both forensic anthropologists and pedologists. Although most frequently the forensic entomologist is required to estimate the post-mortem interval based on insect activity, this is actually an estimate of the period of insect activity, not the specific post-mortem interval. The two are often relatively similar, as the insects arrive and begin their activity shortly following death, however, in some instances there may be factors that serve to delay the onset of insect activity, and these must be considered (Schultz et al., 2005). Determining if the body has been moved following death is essential for this consideration, and the trained anthropologist is competent in this analysis. It is also crucial for the pathologist and anthropologist to assess wounds in terms of pre-, peri- and post-mortem to accurately determine PMI. Conclusion Forensic anthropology is the application of the science of physical anthropology to the legal process. The identification of skeletal, badly decomposed, or otherwise unidentified human remains is important for both legal and humanitarian reasons. Forensic anthropologists apply standard scientific techniques developed in physical anthropology to identify human remains, and to assist in the detection of crime (Hunter, 1996a). While forensic pathologists are trained to analyze soft tissue and organs, their experience with hard tissue is often limited (Hunter and Cox, 2005). In a relatively recent case for forensic anthropologist Charlotte Roberts, a pathologist had been uncertain whether a canine skeleton was actually human or not, illustrating the value of anthropology to the criminal investigation process (Roberts, 1996). The methodology of the forensic anthropologist was eventually adopted during the eventually across Saddleworth Moor during the Moors Murders re-investigation of 1986 -88, and proved partially successful (Hunter, 1996c). The forensic anthropologist specializes in hard tissue morphology, structure and variability, and much of what occurs in forensic anthropology originates from the area of osteology, although some forensic anthropologists may also specialize in body decomposition and entomology. A plethora of further evidence is obtainable and within the capabilities of the forensic anthropologist for analysis, such as entomology, taphonomy, location of clandestine remains (Hunter, 1996c) and so on, however, the methodology of these forensic specialists is exhaustive. Bibliography Black, S. (2000) Forensic Osteology in the United Kingdom. In Cox, M. and Mays, S. (eds.) Human Osteology: In Archaeology and Forensic Science. London, Greenwich Medical Media Ltd. Byers, S. (2004) Introduction to Forensic Anthropology: A Textbook. Boston, Allyn and Bacon Cox, M. (2003) The Inforce foundation. Science and Justice 41(3):173-8 Gilbert, B. M. and Bass, W. M. (1967) Seasonal dating of burials from the presence of fly pupae. American Antiquity 32: 534-535 Haglund, W. D. and Sorg, M. H. (1996) Forensic Taphonomy: The Postmortem Fate of Human Remains. London, CRC Press Haglund, W. D. and Sorg, M. H. (2001) Advances in Forensic Taphonomy: Method, Theory and Archaeological Perspectives. London, CRC Press Hunter, J. (1996a) Recovering buried remains. In Hunter, J., Roberts, C. and Martin, A. (eds.) Studies in Crime: Introduction to Forensic Archaeology. London, Routledge Hunter, J. (1996b) Archaeology, anthropology and forensic science. In Hunter, J., Roberts, C. and Martin, A . (eds.) Studies in Crime: Introduction to Forensic Archaeology. London, Routledge Hunter, J. (1996c) Locating buried remains. In Hunter, J., Roberts, C. and Martin, A. (eds.) Studies in Crime: Introduction to Forensic Archaeology. London, Routledge Hunter, J. R., Brickley, M. B., Bourgeois, J., Bouts, W., Bourguignon, L., Hubrecht, F., De Winne, J., Van Haaster, H., Hakbijl, T., De Jong, H., Smits, L., Van Wijngaarden, L. H. and Luschen, M. (2001) Forensic archaeology, forensic anthropology and human rights in Europe. Science and Justice 41(3):173-8 Hunter, J. and Cox, M. (2005) Forensic Archaeology: Advances in Theory and Practice. London, Routledge Menez, L. L. (2005) The place of a forensic archaeologist at a crime scene involving a buried body. Forensic Science International 152(2-3): 311-5 Nafte, M. (2000) Flesh and Bone: An Introduction to Forensic Anthropology. Durham, Carolina Academic Press Pickering R. B. and Bachman D. C. (1996) The Use of Forensic Anthropology. London, CRC Press Roberts, C. A. (!996) Forensic anthropology 1: the contribution of biological anthropology to forensic contexts. In Hunter, J., Roberts, C. and Martin, A. (eds.) Studies in Crime: Introduction to Forensic Archaeology. London, Routledge Rutty, G. (2001) Post mortem changes and artefacts. In Rutty, G. (ed.) Essentials of Autopsy Practice. London, Springer. Schultz, J. L., Wheeler, S. M., Williams, L. J. and Dupras, T. L. (2005) Forensic Recovery of Human Remains: Archaeological Approaches. London, CRC Press Ubelaker, D. H. and Scammell, H. (2000) Bones: A Forensic Detective’s Casebook. New York, M Evans Co Inc

Construction of the Space Colony: Challenges

Construction of the Space Colony: Challenges Construction The major problem regarding such a big and aspiring project is trying to reflect the imagined side of it into reality. Until now, this problem has been a rather unsolvable one, but with the modern day possibility of colonizing close to Earth celestial entities, like the Moon, and to rapidly create parts with 3D printers, it is possible to overcome it. The construction of the space colony has been a rather debated dilemma, being a very sensible issue, which regards huge amounts of funding and involvement. There have been issued 3 construction plans, which we will analyze and show the disadvantages of two of them, and the perks of the one I have chosen: 1. Terrestrial construction before the rapid development of space shuttles and the advanced repairing of satellites in space (a rather common action in modern times), the only solution, which seemed possible for the construction of such a project was building it as a whole on Earth. Even if it were more facile and faster regarding the actual construction process, shipping it on the orbit would be an impossible action. That amount of mass requires the usage of fuel of almost 4800 launchings, which will only increase the weight of the station and reduce the force to mass ratio of the engines used. Also, in order to generate that amount of force, to defy the gravitational pull, it would be required an incredible amount of energy, which is the equivalent of a handful of atomic detonations. The consequences for the environment would be horrific, if we succeed in lifting the station of the Earth, a very doubtful presumption. 2. Outer-space construction the safest bet for the construction plan of the station was, until now, an extra planetary building area. After realizing the fact that it would be impossible for any human engine to lift the station from Earth, it became clearly that, in order to have a functional construction plan, the station must be built on an orbit of our planet. With the present development of orbiting satellite repairs, the building of such an immense project seems actually achievable. The problem regarding this solution is represented by the fact that, besides the great difficulty of building such a complex architectural creation in a harsh, unfriendly environment, the actual process of the construction would take a huge amount of time to be accomplished. Also, the weak point of outer-space construction is the fact that it depends on terrestrial resources and on shipments from Earth. Because of the fact that a normal shuttle can normally carry, besides the crew, a weight of a sat ellite, there would be required over 6000 flights in order to bring all the materials and tools in outer-space. A normal ship can be used for about 10 space missions, so it would also require over 600 space shuttles. By adding the whole process of building and shipping, including the price of the materials that are required to complete the station, which will substantially diminish the Earth resources and will become more expensive by every transport, it has been estimated that the total cost of the station would be of 6023 trillion dollars, a sum which does not exist in the whole modern day economic system. 3. Moon construction after identifying the problems that outer-space construction has, mostly the fact that it does not present reliability, the Carpathia team decided that the best answer for the construction problem would be a celestial entity that has solid ground, but does not have a gravitational pull as powerful as Earths, and is closer to the orbit in which the future station will be placed. In other words, escape velocity here is much lower than on Earth and, so, breaking free from the gravitational attraction of the moon requires less energy and a lower speed (due to the fact that the gravitational constant is lower). Also, the location should have materials that can be mined and used in the construction of the station. The most suitable place, which met all the requirements from above, is represented by Earths natural satellite, the Moon. This project requires two major steps, first one being the colonization of the Moon with mining bases, that can gather resources which will be equipped with huge 3D printers in order to create the ships components, and the second one being the construction of the ship and its positioning in L4 Lagrange Point. Even if it may seem a far-fetched idea, colonizing the Moon with the modern day technology like remote control robots and printers that are able to receive information through radio waves at the speed of light is a reachable goal. The process will start with sending huge two-part mining robots with 10 space missions that will be assembled by the crew, having 5 mining machines. Also, they can be programmed to process the materials on spot into liquid metal, which will be used by the printers in order to create the parts. The 3D printers, being enormous machines, will be also sent in two missions, being assembled on the spot. After having the raw materials, established on the Moon, there will also be sent 10 shuttles, each carrying 10 robot workers, very versatile machines that can wield, cut and grab any form, and can also receive complex commands, like group commands in order to build major components, other mining machines or 3D printers to supplement the output of materials. All of the 3 types of machines will be solar powered, and will be controlled from a command-center on Earth. While the 3D printers will receive models of components and the number of copies needed, the mining robots will be fully controlled by a human being to avoid the risk of mistake. Using programming style similar to the one of the nabobs, the robotic workers will be issued a command and will have autonomy in fulfilling it. After the process of building the station has already started, we would be sent 20 more missions with 20 workers each to start and build the final station, which will be colonized with 11500 residents when completed. The station is made from sections (major and minor components) that will be each explained in their own chapter. Carpathia is being made mainly from carbon nanotubes which will be shaped into the form of 8 cylinders, being: Central Area, Lower and Upper Industry, Agriculture Area, Habitable Area, Animal Area and final Maintenance Zone. The solar panels as well as the computers and refined cables will be brought from Earth with the Space Elevator, not having necessary materials on the Moon to build them. Also, the engines required to maintain the spinning of the ship will be assembled on Earth and sent on the Moon by a space mission.   The second step, after the construction of the ship, will be moving it towards its final position. For this task, we will be using the engines that assure the rotation of the ship, by shifting them downwards and achieving Moon liftoff. We will then orientate the engines in order to use them as thrusters and send the space colony into the L4 Lagrange point. In conclusion, it can be safely said that, even if it involves a huge deal of resources and time, the Moon constructing solution is the most feasible one from all the other solution presented above, being more realistic than the terrestrial construction, and less costly than the outer-space construction.

Do Your Thing Honey! Essay examples -- Musicians

For a singer to skyrocket at such a fast pace, the person must truly be something special. To be able to do so and not change as a person is truly spectacular. When Rihanna came onto the scene, there were plenty of young female singers who wanted to put their staple into music. To be successful for a music artist, it all relies on timing. If too much time passes, a star is forgotten. Rihanna is a girl with staying power. She goes on from one hit to the next, always staying fresh and current. Robyn Rihanna Fenty was born on February 20, 1988 in St. Michael Parish, on the Caribbean Island of Barbados to Monica and Ronald Fenty. She had a rocky childhood dealing with her father’s addiction to alcohol and crack. One day Rihanna had walked in on her father smoking crack. â€Å"I will never forgive myself for what I did to her. I will always have nightmares as I think of her crying, begging me to stop. But I was a hopeless addict and I couldn’t care. My beautiful daughter should never have witnessed the things she did† (Edwards 13), stated Ronald Fenty. These problems lead to her parents’ divorce when she was fourteen years old. As a child, Rihanna suffered from crippling headaches but she kept it to herself so as not to feel abnormal. â€Å"It was not until her parents separated when she was a young teen that the headaches finally disappeared† (Edwards 8). Rihanna soon realized that it came from hiding her feelings. At age three, Rihanna began to sing and imitate her favorite artist. Whitney Houston’s â€Å"Saving All My Love for You† was her favorite. At the age of seven, her vocals began to really shine through. The neighbors would often complain about Rihanna’s singing. She would ignore them and keep belting out her songs. She could sing a... ...r meager beginning, to her lucky landing at Def Jam Rihanna has been herself. She knew what she wanted and she went after it. She did not let her childhood be the reason to settle. There is so much potential for her as an entertainer. If entertainment is all about timing, Rihanna seems to be right on time. Works Cited Biography.com. â€Å"Rihanna.† 2012. Biography.com. A+E Television Networks, LLC. Web. 13 March 2012. http://www.biography.com/people/rihanna-201257 Edwards, Laurie J. Rihanna. United States: Gale, Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. Heatley, Michael, and Graham Betts. Bad Girl Rihanna. United Kingdom: Flame Tree Publishing, 2012. Print. â€Å"Rihanna Biography.† 2011. Rihanna Daily.13 March 2012. Web. http://rihannadaily.com/rihanna/biography/ Spines, Christine. â€Å"Rihanna Exposed.† Cosmopolitan 250.7 (2011): 30. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 13 March 2012.

The Watergate Scandal :: President Richard Nixon

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It seems as if from the moment he was born, Alexander the Great was destined for extraordinary power. On July twentieth, 356 BC., Olympius and King Philip the Second of Macedonia, gave birth to a son and named him Alexander. The actual date of his birth still lies in question though but July twentieth seems to be the most widely accepted one. Alexander developed into quite an individual. He was a very generous man who demonstrated extreme loyalty toward his friends, though at the same time he was very cautious and smart. His great character and values were two of the things that made Alexander the Great a significant individual in history. Another, of course, being that he conquered a very large amount of territory in a relatively short amount of time. His empire seemed to promise a newer, brighter age in which the nations of the world could join together as equals. Through conquering Asia and India, defeating King Darius of Persia, and establishing different col onies, Alexander proved his magnificence. Arguably, there is no other leader in history who could inspire and motivate his men like Alexander the Great did.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Alexander was a child, he would at times get discouraged when news came home that his father had conquered another territory. This was because he was worried that there would be nothing left for him to do. Alexander grew up around his father's army for a good portion of his childhood and by the time he was thirteen, he was quite mature. Alexander's maturity is illustrated through a famous story. His father had just bought a beautiful horse named Bucephalus. Much to Philip's disappointment, no one he knew could ride it. Just about to get rid of it, Alexander decided to make a wager on whether or not he could ride it. Alexander calmly approached the horse and found that the horse was afraid of its own shadow. Thinking, Alexander faced it toward the sun to keep the shadow behind it, got on Bucephalus and rode him. Alexander got to keep Bucephalus and later rode the same horse all the way to India. When the horse died there, Alexander founded a city and named it Bucephala after his beloved horse. Alexander's parents wanted the best for their son, so they hired the best tutors around to give him a good education. When Alexander reached thirteen, he began learning from Aristotle.